Finally, temperature and humidity in the environmental chambers were tested and found to differ from the displayed settings. Thus, temperature and humidity may not have been optimal for fecundity, survival, and growth. Molecular analysis of closely related A. sowerbyana also indicated the wild populations have experienced bottlenecks. Given this history and the current distribution of the two remaining populations of A. lila relative to known historical distributions, we suggest the significant inbreeding coefficients observed in founding members of the captive population may be indicative of a long-term demographic reduction in the wild populations. Self-fertilization could also inflate the inbreeding coefficient in this hermaphroditic species. Self-fertilization has only rarely been observed in Achatinella and its sister genus Partulina, with one known occurrence in P. redfieldii, and one case each suspected in A. mustelina and A. fulgens, all from isolated individuals. Rates of self-fertilization likely vary among species in the subfamily Achatinellinae. Previous studies suggest a mixed-mating system, or even a lack of self-fertilization in some species. Low density and population fragmentation in the wild may have resulted in an increase in the rate of NVP-BEZ235 inhibitor selffertilization in A. lila, or this species may have a higher intrinsic rate of selffertilization than close relatives. Unfortunately, populations where some selffertilization occurs may be at an additional disadvantage, building up mildly deleterious alleles through self-fertilization, and expressing them in outcrossing individuals. Since the only two remaining wild populations of A. lila both show significant departure from Hardy-Weinberg expectations, as tested with the FIS statistic, there is no population available to provide a baseline for comparison. Therefore, we cannot say with certainty whether cumulative inbreeding, self-fertilization, or some other explanation is responsible for the significant FIS values observed in this study, particularly the high inbreeding coefficient observed in the founding snails. The presence of null alleles, or alleles that don’t amplify due to mutations in the flanking primer region but are nonetheless present, can also artificially raise the inbreeding coefficient. Null alleles can be statistically detected when amplification rates are lower than expected for a particular locus. Prior to analysis, we discarded one locus due to a high probability of null alleles, as well as a second locus due to minimal polymorphism, and have high confidence that the presence of null alleles is minimal in the remaining six loci. Epithelial ovarian cancer is a heterogenous entity comprising multiple histological types such as high-grade serous, low-grade serous, clear cell, endometrioid, and mucinous cancers. Ovarian cancers are divided into Type I and Type II tumors ; Type I tumors include low-grade serous, low-grade endometrioid, clear-cell, and mucinous carcinomas. These tumors poorly respond to platinum-based therapy, harbor a high frequency of mutations in genes.