It was suggested that Smad1 may form a complex with Dvl, thereby sequestering Dvl from the canonical Wnt pathway. However, these seemingly conflicting findings on the crosstalk between BMPs and Wnts remain unresolved. In addition, IKK–NF-kB signaling in differentiated osteoblasts has an antianabolic effect on bone formation. Time- and stage-specific inhibition of IKK-NF-kB in differentiated osteoblasts significantly enhanced bone matrix formation and mineral density during postnatal bone growth. NFkB further inhibits osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by promoting b-catenin degradation. As such, these results might indicate that exosomal miRNAs exert a moderating regulatory function in osteogenic differentiation through networking with cell signaling pathways. Exosomes are either released from the cell when multivesicular bodies fuse with the plasma membrane or they are released directly from the plasma membrane. It would be helpful to know the OTX015 origin of the exosomes to evaluate the importance and function of the altered miRNAs in osteogenic differentiation of human BSMCs. However, specific markers of cellular origin are not yet available. Known exosomal surface markers, such as CD63, CD81, and CD9, are primarily used for evaluating the exosomal content of the preparation. The presence of CD63 was detected in all samples in the current study, and previous investigations demonstrated the purity of exosomes isolated by using the presence of CD63 by means of FACS. It would be important to study the origin of exosomes during osteogenic differentiation of human BSMCs in the future. It is actively researched on the role that exosomes may play in cell-to-cell signaling, hypothesizing that because exosomes can merge with and release their contents into cells that are distant from their cell of origin, they may influence processes in the recipient cell. For example, RNA that is shuttled from one cell to another, known as “exosomal shuttle RNA,” could potentially affect protein production in the recipient cell. By transferring molecules from one cell to another, exosomes from certain cells of the immune system, such as dendritic cells and B cells, may play a functional role in mediating adaptive immune responses to pathogens and tumors. Conversely, exosome production and content may be influenced by molecular signals received by the cell of origin. As evidence for this hypothesis, tumor cells exposed to hypoxia secrete exosomes with enhanced angiogenic and metastatic potential, suggesting that tumor cells adapt to a hypoxic microenvironment by secreting exosomes to stimulate angiogenesis or facilitate metastasis to more favorable environment. On the other hand, myc-immortalization of mesenchymal stem cell did not alter the cardioprotective potency of its secreted exosomes. Currently, there are no proven mechanisms by which microvesicles trigger intercellular communication. Possible mechanisms by which microvesicles trigger intercellular communication are paracrine, fusion and phagocytosis. To conclude, our study reveals more details about the allocation.