On the other hand, ichnovirus virions, the genomes of which are fully encoded in the chromosomes of the parasitic wasps that transmit them, invade the nuclei of their lepidopteran hosts, but never replicate or produce progeny virions in these. Instead, the function of ichnovirus virions is to deliver wasps genes that encode immunosuppressive proteins into their lepidopteran hosts to enhance survival of wasps eggs and progeny. In fibroblasts and epithelial cells, macropinocytosis is rarely seen, but markedly induced after stimulation by platelet-derived growth factor and epidermal growth factor, DAPT respectively, although the physiological role of macropinocytosis in these cell types is largely unknown. In addition, some pathogenic bacteria and viruses exploit macropinocytosis to invade their host. Owing to this high important physiopathological relevance of macropinocytosis, the regulatory mechanisms of macropinosome formation and maturation have recently been receiving increasing attention. The molecular changes detected suggest that cellular transformation and acquisition of aggressive phenotype involves ”reprogramming” of cellular systems, especially in processes associated with carbohydrate, amino acid and lipid metabolism. This is perhaps not surprising since metabolism is an Achilles’ heel in cancer biology ; For instance, aberrant PI3K/AKT pathway during cancer development inadvertently amplifies glucose metabolism and translational activities via glucose transporter, mTOR/S6K/eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1, respectively. Consistently, several translation initiation factors were observed to be up-regulated in this study. Although the fold is conserved, the specific function is obtained by varying sets of amino acids at the substrate binding and translocation domains. This is quite evident from the structural differences between Lactose Permease of E.coli and Glycerol-3-Phosphate of E.coli. Multiple mechanisms are thought to mediate the regulatory actions of leptin on lipid metabolism. Direct peripheral actions by leptin have been implicated in depleting fat content through increased fatty acid oxidation as well as suppressed lipogenesis. Altogether, our results suggest a novel scenario for processing of nestmate recognition cues in social insects. In natural conditions, ants are permanently exposed to their own colony odor. This prolonged exposure induces familiarization to nestmate odor, either at the level of the antennae or the antennal lobes. As a result, individuals do not usually respond to nestmate odor, but will display very fast responses to any novel, unfamiliar odor. This provides a parsimonious explanation to the observations that unfamiliar CHC patterns trigger aggression, and this aggressive response fades after prolonged exposure.