We also evaluated technologies for speed of analysis that we dichotomized as fast and slow. We categorized technologies according to whether they require an external Reversine electricity Fulvestrant supply with consistent voltage, are battery-powered, or do not require electricity. We categorized technologies as portable, requiring a basic laboratory or requiring a research laboratory. Facility requirements ranged from any basic laboratory bench to laboratories capable of safely storing flammable gases. In addition to facility requirements, we evaluated the level of skill required to operate the technology. Some technologies require a trained chemist to operate while others require only a basic understanding of chemistry. In order to aid comparisons, technologies were assigned a ”Suitability for use in LMIC” score ranging from 0–8. Technologies with higher suitability for use in LMIC scores were deemed the most feasible in LMIC contexts. Scores were given across each of the categories including 1 point for not requiring sample preparation, 1 point for not requiring laboratory supplies, 1 point for fast speed, 1 for not requiring electricity, 2 points for requiring minimal training and 1 point for requiring a laboratory technician, 2 points for being portable and 1 point for requiring a basic laboratory. We also evaluated the cost of the device as a one-time purchase, with the categories of low cost $10,000 or less, medium cost $10,000–100,000, and high cost $100,000 or greater. Another characteristic in which we compared technologies was their relative position in an independently developed standard workflow for detecting substandard and falsified drugs. The standard workflow was developed by the Counterfeit Drug Forensic Identification Network, a network of laboratories around the world that facilitates the testing of suspected substandard and falsified medicines. The workflow starts with the inspection of packaging, followed by quantitative High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Raman and Near-Infrared 
spectroscopy and colorimetric tests for the correct API; dissolution testing is used to ensure the correct amount of the API is present. For drug samples that do not pass inspection using these tests, ambient mass spectrometry analysis is conducted to confirm the presence of a falsified drug. For drug samples that have been confirmed to be a falsified drug, isotope ratio MS, X-ray Diffraction, and nuclear magnetic resonance are used to help identify the geographic source of production of the falsified medicines for forensic purposes. We identified 42 technologies that can aid in the detection of substandard and falsified drugs. These technologies range from simple of checklists for evaluating packaging to complex analytical chemistry for fingerprinting the source of a falsified drug. Given the extensive list of options, matching the best technology for each position in the workflow for detecting falsified and substandard drugs requires a comparison of the performance and requirements of each technology. The use of the technologies in LMIC adds additional considerations, such as low cost, portability, and no requirement of sample preparation. In this review, we have provided a broad overview of the technologies used to detect counterfeit and substandard drugs, and to highlight those technologies most suitable for use in LMIC.