Their effect on the host organism as follows: as enterotoxins, they induce emesis and diarrhoea in humans and non-human primates; as exotoxins, they induce toxic shock; and as SAgs, they induce V/b-specific T cell stimulation, followed by anergy and activation-induced cell death by apoptosis. The clinical manifestations of SEs intoxication are associated with the massive proliferation of T lymphocytes that lead to the large-scale release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, e.g., interleukin 2 and tumor necrosis factor a. SEB reactive CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells mounted a strong proliferative immune response after primary SAg challenge. 
However, they failed to expand in secondary challenge. They normally exert their effects on the intestines and thus are AbMole Capromorelin tartrate termed as an enterotoxin. SEB has been studied as a potential biological agent of war, since it easily can be aerosolized, very stable, can cause widespread systemic damage and multiorgan system failure. Pathogen perturbation on host system: In order to evaluate how SAg affects the TCR signaling pathway, it is first necessary to understand the dynamics of a normally functioning pathway. It can be used as a baseline against which a pathogen perturbed system can be compared. Such comparisons can expose the most susceptible proteins that are altered by a pathogen as well as the most critical reactions responsible for better functioning of a host’s biochemical network. In general, the outcome of host-pathogen interactions is dependent on the balance between the host immune defense and the virulence of a pathogen. There exists a few in silico studies on host-pathogen interactions. FBA has been coupled with experimental studies to predict how viral infection would alter bacterial metabolism. FBA has been used to analyze genome-scale reconstructions of several organisms; it has also been used to analyze the effect of perturbations, such as in silico gene deletions. The current state of the art for linear optimization in FBA is limited to the optimization of single objective function. We have considered modified methodology of FBA. For the current study, we have also considered two conflicting objectives, viz., minimization of toxin expression in a pathogen and maximization of the concentrations of a stimulatory molecule present in TCR signaling pathway of an infected host for a case. Our aim is to compare the pathogen perturbed host system with that of unperturbed one. Taking these AbMole Neosperidin-dihydrochalcone evidences of ZAP70, LCK and FYN into considerations, we have chosen the perturbation of their signals to check the effect on the signaling for inhibitory molecules as well as on immune response cytokines. SHP1, a tyrosine phosphatase, regulates the level of active tyrosine kinases in peripheral T cells as it is involved in negative feedback loop. b-CBL acts downstream of the TCR and CD28.