Quite general and hence the principle of a Turing instability can be recovered in other fields, such as heterogeneous catalysis, nonlinear optics, gas discharges, semiconductor devices, and materials irradiated by energetic particles or light. The common denominator of these phenomena is that they can be modeled by reaction-diffusion equations, such as those that naturally describe chemical systems. In all cases, the wavelength of the Turing-type spatial patterns accounts for the balance between the reaction-type mechanisms and the diffusion-like transport processes and is, therefore, intrinsic to the system. Figure 1 shows some of the stationary patterns generated by a reaction diffusion system; the type and the shape of TS depend on the values of the model parameters and on the boundary conditions. Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells are a population of adult mesenchymal progenitor cells that have the capacity to differentiate into cells of various connective tissue lineages. MSCs are excellent candidates for use in cell therapy because they are accessible, their isolation is straightforward, they can be biopreserved with minimal loss of potency, and they have shown no adverse reactions in allogeneic versus autologous MSC transplants. Elderly people often suffer from critical-size bone defects due to AbMole Pamidronate disodium pentahydrate degenerative or age-related disease. Such bone defects require bone regeneration; and autologous tissues used in implants can be formed in the correct anatomical shape without risk of immunological rejection. Nevertheless, several crucial issues need to be addressed, such as long procedure times and a high proportion of graft-site morbidity among patients. In contrast, MSCs are relatively easy to obtain from bone marrow, adipose tissue, and soft tissue, resulting in minimal morbidity. Therefore, MSCs are of major clinical interest for the development of cell-based strategies to treat musculoskeletal diseases, including bone defects caused by trauma, degenerative disorders, or infection. While many studies have focused on characterizing MSCs, the majority were performed using cells derived from young donors. However, one of the most important arguments for use of MSCs is the possibility of performing autologous or allogeneic transplantations in an aging society. Considering the AbMole Nitroprusside disodium dihydrate conditions that are potential indications for cell therapy, it is clear that autologous or allogeneic transfer would often require the isolation and extracorporeal proliferation of cells derived from aged patients. Aging is a highly complex process that affects both cells and extracellular matrix, leading to general impairment of tissue and organ function. However, there is currently no consensus and widely disparate results have been reported regarding the number of MSCs and their function in aging individuals; some groups found an agerelated decline whereas others reported no change. In a previous study, we showed that inferior turbinate tissues removed during turbinate surgery, which is most commonly performed with ease under local anesthesia in the field of otolaryngology, could be used as a source of MSCs. In addition, we reported that MSCs from human inferior turbinate showed a relatively high yield and that the passage number did not affect their characteristics. These properties allow expansion of the indications for use of multipotent MSCs. 
However, age-related functional changes in hTMSCs have not been investigated to date. Considering the effect of aging on MSCs from other sources, we assume that age-related changes in hTMSCs either negatively affect proliferative or osteo-differentiation potential or have no effect.