representing a conserved sequence of a viral antigen that is also unique in mass

Within a few part-per-million, when compared to the in silico digestion products of all influenza antigens from all hosts, is sufficient to be able to confidently type and subtype strains of the influenza virus. It complements related studies that have employed proteomics methods and mass spectrometry to characterise the antigenicity of the influenza virus. More recently, it has been shown that the proteotyping approach can distinguish seasonal from pandemic type A H1N1 influenza strains and also assign the lineage of human strains of type A H1N1 and type B influenza virus. Given the pandemic potential of reassorted strains of influenza virus, this study demonstrates that the origin of the genes encoding the viral antigens within reassorted strains can also be rapidly and unequivocally determined using this proteotyping strategy. Establishing the gene origin of reassorted pandemic strains of the virus is essential to the design and production of vaccines against such strains and to monitor their evolutionary history. This is illustrated a strain formed by the reassortment of a wild-type and an egg adapted high-growth strain that was constructed for a vaccine that has been administrated against 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus. Prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease arising from genetic events such as Pten deletion which result in tumor initiation. Epigenetic gene regulation may augment tumor initiation in conjunction with the oncogenic signal and is known to modulate tumor progression. Thus it is critical to understand transcriptional and translational control mechanisms which influence tumor progression, as these pathways may provide novel therapeutic opportunities for advanced disease. Prostate Stem Cell Antigen is a GPI-anchored cell surface protein and is a marker of the transiently amplifying cell population within prostate epithelium. PSCA is also expressed in epithelial cells of various organs including the kidney, bladder, stomach and pancreas. PSCA over-expression is reported in a subset of prostate cancers at all stages from PIN to metastatic disease. Although this protein has been considered as a target for therapy and imaging of prostate cancer, Prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease arising from genetic events such as Pten deletion which result in tumor initiation. Epigenetic gene regulation may augment tumor initiation in conjunction with the oncogenic signal and is known to modulate tumor progression. Thus it is critical to understand transcriptional and translational control mechanisms which influence tumor progression, as these pathways may provide novel therapeutic opportunities for advanced disease. Prostate Stem Cell Antigen is a GPI-anchored cell surface protein and is a marker of the transiently amplifying cell population within prostate epithelium.

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