Cell therapy represents a potential new therapeutic approach for ARF as stem cells may simultaneously target the key manifestations of ARF including renal vascular damage and inflammation. Several pre-clinical animal studies have investigated the effects of different adult stem cell types including hematopoietic, mesenchymal, endothelial and kidney stem/progenitor cells in the treatment of ARF. Further, few studies on fetal kidney cells transplantation in rodents also support the regenerative potential of these cells after renal injury. However, a suitable renogenic cell type to obtain a clinically relevant therapeutic effect in ARF has not yet been achieved and no cell based clinical therapy has yet been established. We have recently shown that rat fetal heart contains mesenchymal like stem cells that exhibit rapid proliferation, multipotent differentiation potential and constitutive expression of markers of cardiovascular lineage indicating their pre-commitment towards tissue of origin and there by a greater efficacy in cardiac regeneration than other stem cell types. In a subsequent study, we have demonstrated efficacy of these fetal stem cells in cardiac regeneration in a rat model of myocardial injury. Similarly, other groups have demonstrated a promising therapeutic role of fetal pancreatic, neural and liver stem cells in the treatment of (-)-Huperzine A diabetes, stroke and liver disease respectively, further highlighting that stem cell therapy with tissue specific fetal stem cells maybe a potential approach for tissue repair/regeneration. More recently, we have demonstrated that fetal kidney cells a melioratecis platin induced acute renal failure and promote renal angiogenesis in rats. These studies indicate that fetal kidney maybe a rich source of different stem/progenitors cells inherently committed towards different renal lineages and thus fetal kidney cells may prove to be a novel cell type for treatment of UNC0631 ischemic ARF. However, there is a paucity of data on characterization and therapeutic effect of fetal kidney cells in ischemic ARF.