This finding suggested a reallocation of resources away from the DMN toward the regions involved in task performance. Many studies have also associated DMN deactivation with goal-directed cognitive processes, such as focused attention and working memory and the enabling of systemizing and problem solving by insight. Thus, the lower GBC in the DMN after acute TCS 5861528 cigarette smoking observed in the present study could contribute to smokers�� decreased negative attentional bias and increase of good performance in some cognitive behaviors. Indeed, well-documented studies have demonstrated that smoking could enhance the performance of cognitive behaviors, including attention, information processing, and memory. Moreover, our results demonstrate that GMV-based regions of structural change partially overlapped with the GBC results. However, the relationship between structure and function Sulforhodamine 101 remains unclear. The most obvious explanation is that the structural changes caused by chronic cigarette smoking could lead to functional abnormalities, as demonstrated by the structural changes in the insula and frontal gyrus that led to higher GBCs of smokers in the SOA condition. This result was in line with a previous study of the influence of structural changes on brain function. For instance, callosal agenesis decreases the inter-hemispheric functional connectivity during the resting state. In major depressive disorders, structural abnormalities of the uncinate fasciculus are associated with increased functional connectivity between the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex and the medial temporal lobe, which are concomitant with the severity of depressive symptoms. Our study provided additional evidence for this structure�Cfunction relationship. For the DMN, structural changes and decreased GBC after acute cigarette smoking were found in our results. They might be involved in the relapse of smokers. Structural changes caused by chronic cigarette smoking can lead to brain functional abnormalities and poor performance in cognitive behaviors. It was necessary to arouse cortical arousal and change brain functions if smokers want to enhance performance in some cognitive behaviors. Only by acute cigarette smoking or injecting nicotine can smokers reduce negative attentional bias and increase cortical arousal though the neurochemically ascending cholinergic and noradrenergic projection of nicotine.