The application of alternative radioisotopes that are also transported by hNIS with a shorter physical half-life and a high energy to 131I may provide a powerful method for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of hNIS-targeted radionuclide therapy. 188Re is a b-emitting radionuclide with a short physical half-life that has been used in a variety of therapeutic applications in humans, including cancer radioimmunotherapy and palliation of skeletal bone pain. Due to its higher relative energy compared to 131I, administration of 188Re offers the possibility of higher energy deposition over a shorter time period. Compared to 131I, 188Re has been proposed as an ideal alternative emitter to 131I for cancer treatment. Kang et al investigated 188Re accumulation of a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, SK-Hep1, by transfer of human sodium iodide symporter gene and found it has the potential to be used in hepatocellular carcinoma management. To date, no studies have explored whether lentivirus-mediated hNIS gene expression and 188Re uptake can be used for TAK 960 hydrochloride glioma imaging and therapy. In this study, we investigated the role of 188Re as a potential alternative radionuclide for hNIS-mediated imaging and treatment of human glioma in model mice. Most gliomas are resistant to currently available chemotherapy regimens. Besides tumor resection, external radiotherapy is a major curative therapy for glioma. However, patients are often either not SBE 13 hydrochloride responsive to or suffer from side effects from these conventional therapies. Radionuclide-based theranostic strategies have been widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with hyperthyroidism or differentiated thyroid cancer, and the sodium iodide symporter gene is the radionuclide-based reporter gene used in theranostics. Theranostics is a promising approach offering the ideal combination of accurate diagnosis and successful therapy in various clinical fields, which is expected to become a key area of personalized medicine in the near future. In order to attain the ultimate goals of personalized medicine, which is to provide the highest therapeutic effect and to avoid adverse effects for each patient, a tailored therapeutic plan should be developed by obtaining accurate, detailed diagnostic information regarding the patient��s unique circumstances. Theranostics are an example of rapid advancement in biotechnologies for use with theranostic reporter genes and theranostic radiochemistry, which has led to the development of the concept of using theranostics with radionuclide-based imaging reporter genes.