Success transforms into a societal “success breeds success” phenomenon: society gets out ever more once a scientific community has got over the hump of mastering the initial intricacies of getting the right data in the right quality out of a health care delivery or claims database. The most distinguishing feature of GPRD from other nationwide electronic health databases is its international coauthor pattern. This could be due to decreased metabolism during cold weather or changes in behavior of the target species, such as moving into the hyporheic zone. For Idaho giant salamanders, we were able to compensate for this by modifying protocols, but for Rocky Mountain tailed frogs, detectability was still relatively low in early spring samples. This difference between species may be due to species-specific seasonal changes in density; while streams in the spring are likely to have one fewer Rocky Mountain tailed frog tadpole cohort than in the early fall due to timing of metamorphosis, the difference in overall population density is likely less extreme for Idaho giant salamanders because they are commonly neotonic. This result demonstrates that sampling design for eDNA needs to be informed by the ecology of target species to maximize detection probabilities. Our approach was to design species-specific primers to detect species of interest; these kinds of targeted primers can be multiplexed to test for many species in a single PCR reaction. However, when the species list is large or inventory for unknown species is the goal of sampling, universal primers and nextgeneration sequencing techniques could be applied. Using these tools, researchers would sample a stream, river, or wetland, use primers that work across taxa to amplify DNA from this sample, and compare the sequences to those available in a reference library. If sequences are recovered that do not match any in the library, sequences that are closest matches could be used to determine the probable taxonomic group of the unknown species and additional field surveys could be conducted to attempt to locate the species. Next-generation sequencing is currently prohibitively expensive for large survey efforts, but costs will likely be greatly reduced in the near future as the technology improves. The success of eDNA for detecting vertebrates efficiently across freshwater systems indicates that this new tool has the potential to revolutionize surveys for aquatic species with the techniques currently available. The ability to survey for species across taxa with a single water sample would greatly enhance data availability for aquatic species and benefit resource managers and many fields of research, including community ecology, biogeography, evolutionary biology, conservation biology, and invasion biology.The barrier of the SN is known to be weaker than in other brain regions and therefore can be easily disrupted. Moreover, dopaminergic neurons seem particularly vulnerable to dysfunction.