Whereas 30.4% of patients receiving these procedures with invasive therapies developed endoscopy-associated PD peritonitis. AbMole Indinavir sulfate Prophylactic antibiotics significantly reduced the incidence of PD peritonitis after non-EGD procedures with invasive therapies. Yip et al. have presented an incidence of 6.3% for postcolonoscopic PD peritonitis and a beneficial effect of prophylactic antibiotics on the prevention of these complications, although the result did not reach statistical significance. The International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 2010 guidelines for peritonitis had accordingly recommended prophylactic antibiotics in PD patients undergoing colonoscopy. Our study demonstrated an incidence of 6.6% of colonoscopy-associated PD peritonitis. These episodes occurred in patients receiving colonoscopy and polypectomy without prophylactic antibiotics, implying a requirement for antibiotic prophylaxis. Gynecologic procedures are a rare cause of PD peritonitis, by which vaginal colonized bacteria or fungi may be spread into the peritoneal cavity during the procedure or manipulation. Although prophylactic 
antibiotics are recommended for the prevention of colonoscopy-associated PD peritonitis in the ISPD 2010 guidelines, the advantage of prophylactic antibiotics in hysteroscopy has not been addressed. Our study showed that 5 patients who received hysteroscopy with prophylactic antibiotics did not develop PD peritonitis, whereas 5 patients among 13 undergoing hysteroscopy without prophylactic antibiotics developed posthysteroscopic PD peritonitis. This result suggested that antibiotic prophylaxis provides a protective effect on the development of PD peritonitis in patients undergoing gynecologic procedures. The ISPD 2005 peritoneal dialysis-related infection guidelines recommended ampicillin 1 g plus a single dose of an aminoglycoside, with or without metronidazole, given intravenously just prior to patients undergoing colonoscopy with polypectomy to decrease the risk of peritonitis. Various antibiotics were administered prior the endoscopic examinations in this study. One dose of 1g Ceftriaxone administration was used as prophylaxis before colonoscopy and none of the patients had endoscopyassociated PD peritonitis. Considering the normal flora in human gut, third generation cephalosporins may be appropriate choices for peritonitis prophylaxis. Gynecologic procedures also carry high risk of endoscopy-associated PD peritonitis. Enterococcal peritonitis and streptococcal peritonitis after hysteroscopy and IUD implantation were noted in our study. It may be appropriate that antibiotic regimen including an agent active against enterococcus and streptococcus. Clindamycin and first generation cephalosporin were used in our series and none of the patients developed peritonitis after these gynecologic examinations. There are several limitations in our study. First, the data were collected retrospectively.