This might also explain why only albuminuria was significantly correlated with the GFR decline rate in our study. The results of this study are subject to some limitations. First, the sample number and unhomogenized characteristics of the study subjects might confound the study results. Second, this was a longitudinal observational study. The lack of a control group or effective intervention for comparison might limit the power of the study. Despite these limitations, the results of the cross-sectional analysis with baseline data were compatible with the longitudinal analysis results. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that tubular markers, such as NGAL and L-FABP, may not be predictive factors associated with GFR decline in type 2 diabetic patients. In addition, the urine albumin excretion rate was an independent factor associated with GFR decline rate in type 2 diabetic patients. L-amino acid oxidases are homodimeric flavoproteins that catalyse the stereospecific deamination of L-amino acid substrates to a keto-acid along with the production of H2O2 and ammonia. These enzymes are widely expressed in many different organisms from prokaryotes to metazoans, of which snake venom LAAO being the most studied. Their function is still poorly understood. Venom LAAO have been suggested to act as toxins involved in the induction of apoptosis in a variety of different mammalian cell types. In addition, they are associated with the dysfunction of platelet aggregation. Interleukin 4 induced gene 1 is a secreted mammalian LAAO primarily expressed by activated mononuclear phagocytes, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, under the influence proinflammatory and T helper type 1 mediators in vitro. Accordingly, IL4I1 is highly expressed in Th1 but not in Th2 granulomas. This enzyme has also been MicroRNAs likely influence these processes by negative regulation through binding to messenger RNA targets detected in B lymphocytes following activation by IL-4 and CD40, although at much lower levels. At physiological pH and temperature, IL4I1 degrades the essential amino acid phenylalanine, producing phenylpyruvate, H2O2 and ammonia. By this activity, IL4I1 depletes the microenvironment of an essential amino acid and induces the accumulation of potentially toxic products. We have demonstrated that IL4I1 is involved in the control of the adaptative immune response via its enzymatic activity. Because of H2O2-dependent cytotoxic effects and the potential toxicity of other resulting catabolites, LAAO family members may play a variety of roles in immune defense in animals. A snake venom LAAO has been shown to present potent antibacterial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria which is related to H2O2 production. An LAAO with protective activity against bacterial mastitis has also been detected in mouse milk. IL4I1 is phylogenetically related to fish LAAO, which have been shown to present antibacterial functions and accumulate in ����granuloma-like���� structures induced by the infection with larval nematodes. Recently, a new fish LAAO has been described, which may contribute to the innate immune defense against a variety of bacteria and protozoans. As IL4I1 expression is induced in mononuclear phagocytes by pathogenderived signals, such as Toll-like receptor ligands, it may participate in the innate immune defense against pathogens in mammals, in addition to its regulatory effects on the specific immune response.In this work, we thus evaluated the effect of recombinant IL4I1 on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria growth.