Furthermore, we provide data supporting the idea that aging activates an epigenetic mechanism that increases FKBP51 expression, leading to impaired HPA axis function and LLD-like phenotypes. Thus, aged wild-type mice may model human conditions Etofylline caused by SNPs in the FKBP5 gene. Fully virulent bacilli carry two plasmids, pXO1 and pXO2, which contain genes to produce the lethal factor and edema factor toxins, and a poly-c-Dglutamic acid capsule, respectively. In response to nutrient deprivation, B. 5-Aminosalicylic acid anthracis will produce spores that can withstand harsh conditions, including temperature, radiation, chemical assault, time and even the vacuum of outer space. These remarkable characteristics allow B. anthracis to be used as a biological threat agent. Recent studies have indicated that B. anthracis is genetically similar to other members of the Bacillus genus. The 16S rRNA, 23S rRNA and 16S�C23S internal transcribed spacer sequences of B. anthracis share a high degree of similarity with those in B. cereus, B. subtilis, B. megaterium, B. mycoides, and B. thuringiensis. These sequence similarities make identification of B. anthracis challenging, and substantial effort has been devoted to developing identification methods. The conventional method is the bacteriological assay, which is reliable but time consuming. Other advanced approaches have been proposed for B. anthracis detection, including immunological assays, PCR-based methods, molecular fingerprinting and mass spectrometric analyses. The detection targets have mainly focused on the pXO1 and pXO2, gene polymorphisms, specific gene sequences and small acid soluble proteins in the spores. However, these methods fail to eliminate the need for complicated protocols such as cell disruption, nucleic acid extraction and protein purification, and cannot support convenient, rapid and real-time detection of B. anthracis. Therefore, direct detection of B. anthracis is attractive for on-site application. So far, several immunoreagents, directed against the surface of B. anthracis, have been developed for the direct detection of B. anthracis vegetative cells or B. anthracis spores.