The question of which investigation should be performed is often answered by which is available faster. MR has clearly been demonstrated to be more accurate than CT for the investigation of other cerebral lesions. Two preliminary comparisons of CT and MR in,respectively, 10 and 8 immunocompetent/ compromised patients with cryptococcal meningoencephalitis suggested a higher efficiency of MR over CT for the visualization of VR spaces possibly because of the limited inflammation. Here, cryptococcosis-related lesions were PR-957 significantly more frequently observed on MR than on CT images for 62 HIVinfected patients including 17 for whom both investigations were performed. Of note, the VR spaces which appear as the main anatomical site involved, radiologically, during cerebral cryptococcosis are also the site of brain invasion associated with fungemia in a relevant murine model of disseminated cryptococcosis. Considering its high performance, cerebral MR imaging of infected mice should be a powerful tool for further dissection of cerebral cryptococcosis pathophysiology. The current guidelines do not comment on the need to repeat radiological investigations. Twenty four patients in our cohort had multiple neuroimaging. They were more likely to have more severe disease and a poorer outcome, an observation consistent with daily practice. Our data from this large subgroup of patients does not support repeated neuromaging in clinically and mycologically stable patients. However, neurologically unstable patients would benefit from further radiological evaluations, keeping in mind the possibility of new opportunistic infections and IRIS. In conclusion, our study suggests that brain imaging, especially by MR, is an additional effective tool in the assessment of initial disease severity in AIDS-associated cryptococcosis. The absence of neurological abnormality should not preclude neuroimaging especially in cases of suspected high fungal burden on the basis of high antigen titers. Microarray gene BKM120 expression profiling has become a common method for gaining insight into molecular disease mechanisms that are involved in host-pathogen interaction, and the outcome of the infection process, in terms of development of disease. The increasing public availability of microarray data allows for combining data in a meta-analysis, to identify common clusters of genes induced upon infection. Since most innate immune responses, especially those to pathogen-associated molecular patterns, are evolutionary conserved, it is likely that such common responses can be found. Indeed, it has been shown that under controlled in vitro conditions macrophages respond to a broad range of bacteria with a shared gene expression pattern and similar findings have been described for dendritic cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells.