Keeping the parents under different pCO2 conditions before fertilization and until larval release allowed embryos develop entirely under a given level of stress. To our knowledge, only Dupont et al. on sea urchins, Parker et al. on mollusks and Vehmaa et al. on copepods acclimated adults to high pCO2 during reproductive conditioning before studying LY2157299 larvae in the same pCO2 conditions. Such abnormalities may be 
due to different processes: the production of amorphous CaCO3 may be affected by damage to embryonic ectodermic cells and/or seawater corrosion may induce shell dissolution, affecting the strength and calcification of some parts of the shell. Here, the mineralization level of larval shells was investigated at each pCO2 level by observing the veliger aragonitic shell under polarized light. The characteristic dark cross observed in each larval shell indicated a radial arrangement of aragonite crystals and did not have been considered as non-crystalline zones. The intensity of birefringence was used as a proxy for mineralization because increases in birefringence reflect increases in crystalline structure and calcification of the shell. Observed under polarized light, abnormalities appeared less birefringent than the rest of the shell, suggesting that deformities were likely less calcified as proposed by NVP-BKM120 944396-07-0 Barros et al. The birefringence intensity of the larval shells decreased with increased pCO2, and was significantly lower at 1400 matm pCO2. This drop in birefringence revealed a decrease in calcification, which may be related to a less mineralized matrix, or more likely to a reduction in shell thickness. Our data did not allow us to discriminate between these two possibilities, but previous studies have already reported a decrease in shell thickness under high pCO2 in bivalve larvae. The effects of elevated pCO2 observed on C. fornicata larvae released from capsules suggest critical ecological consequences for their subsequent planktonic life and benthic settlement. Production of smaller larvae with weaker shell strength may increase vulnerability of larvae to predation and physical damages. Furthermore, larvae physiologically stressed during their development by various abiotic factors may delay metamorphosis and settlement, staying longer in the water column which lead them to be more exposed to predators and diseases. In addition, reduced size in early developmental stages may affect the juvenile survivorship and fitness. Given these consequences on the early life stages of C. fornicata, pCO2 may influence its invasion dynamics in its introduction range via reproductive success, larval survival and dispersal, and settlement success. Further studies are required to fully understand the interactions between climate change and biological invasions. In particular, more studies on early life stages and particularly the transition processes between them are needed to identify the potential tipping points, the demographic bottlenecks and the global resistance of non-native species in the context of ocean acidification. Diabetes is a disorder marked by abnormal lipid and glucose metabolism, often with serious complications leading to premature death, and it is considered a public health concern worldwide.