Nevertheless, the use of these Abmole LY2157299 proteins as universal carriers may 3-methyladenine Abmole �µ�HER2 �������ɻ��������˷ΰ�ϸ����ֳת�����õ������о� induce a reduction of the response against several vaccines that are administered during infancy and share common protein epitopes by inducing epitopic overload and hapten-specific carrier-induced suppression. The characterization of new carrier proteins seems to be a compulsory step for the achievement of a proper immune response against meningococcal polysaccharide needed for childhood vaccination. Classical adjuvants often contain ligands that stimulate TLR signaling of innate immune cells and vaccines that incorporate ligands for TLR stimulation were shown to boost vaccine responses. PBP2 as a TLR4 ligand may therefore act as an adjuvant through maturation of DCs as also suggested by experiments of coimmunization of PBP2 and capsular polysaccharide with higher IgG immune response and higher IgG/IgM ratio suggesting that PBP2 may have adjuvant properties affecting immunoglobulin class switch for a thymus independent antigen from IgM to IgG. Further studies are needed to determine whether PBP2 is a safer molecule than LPS to be used as an immunological adjuvant in vivo. In Summary, our data suggest that PBP2 plays a key role in the interface between innate and adaptive immunity and may represent an interesting candidate to develop anti-meningococcal vaccines or to enhance immune response of other vaccine candidate throughout induction of DC maturation and T-cell proliferation and thus contribute to eliminate the epitopic overload and hapten-specific carrier-induced suppression that could take place when the same protein carrier is used in subsequent vaccination routines. The swimbladder is a specialized organ in teleosts that regulates buoyancy. It is a sac filled by several types of gas, mainly oxygen and carbon dioxide, and is located between the peritoneum and the vertebral column in the dorsal part of the body. The volume of gas in the swimbladder can be actively regulated to maintain neutral buoyancy as fish ascend or descend in the water column. The long-term maintenance of internal gas pressure and also compensatory inflation and deflation are under reflex autonomic control.