In addition, any exercise was not performed for the last 30 minutes prior to the blood Notoginsenoside-R1 pressure measurements. A standardized mercury sphygmomanometer was used, and the cuff size was chosen according to the measured circumference of the upper arm. The elevated Saikosaponin-B2 retinal vein pressure in patients with higher CSFP will be associated with a 
higher retinal capillary blood pressure potentially explaining the increased prevalence of retinal hemorrhages, edema and lipid exudates as part of diabetic retinopathy in patients with diabetes mellitus in our study population. Besides diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusions are another hemorrhagic retinopathy and are characterized by retinal hemorrhages, retinal edema, lipid exudation and venous dilatation. Previous ophthalmodynamometric studies have revealed a markedly elevated retinal vein pressure in eyes with retinal vein occlusions. Recently, an elevated CSFP was found to be associated with the incidence of retinal vein occlusions. This finding fits with the observation in the present study. The association of retinal vein occlusions with higher CSFP could explain why arterial blood pressure is indirectly associated with the prevalence of retinal vein occlusions, since higher arterial blood pressure is correlated with higher CSFP. In the case of diabetic retinopathy it has remained unclear, whether elevated blood pressure directly leads to diabetic retinopathy or – at least partially – indirectly through an increased CSFP. The results of our study agree with clinical observations and studies that increased brain pressure can be associated with retinal hemorrhages. In the case of an acute subarachnoidal hemorrhage with a marked increase in intracranial pressure, retinal hemorrhages and an intravitreal bleeding can develop as part of Terson��s syndrome. In other neurological disorders associated with brain edema and increased brain pressure such as mountain sickness, retinal hemorrhages can typically occur. In arterial hypertensive retinopathy with retinal hemorrhages in stage III and papilledema in stage IV, the markedly elevated blood pressure may induce a pronounced increase in intracranial pressure which can explain the occurrence of retinal hemorrhages and papilledema. In a parallel manner, a recent study showed that the retinal vein diameter and the ratio of retinal vein-to-artery diameter depended on the estimated CSFP. The findings of our study suggested that an altered CSFP could lead to an increased prevalence and severity of diabetic retinopathy with retinal hemorrhages and macular edema. While retinal capillary pressure is likely to play a role, previous studies have also suggested a role for ocular perfusion pressure which incorporates intraocular pressure. In a previous investigation, Quigely and Cohen combined the Ohm, Poiseuille, and Murray laws and found that the myopic arteriolar tree would produce a 16% greater pressure a enuation than that of emmetropic controls with a linear relationship between mean pressure a enuation index and axial length. Since myopia has been shown to be protective against diabetic retinopathy, Quigley and Cohen postulated that the low-end arteriolar pressure in myopic eyes could be protective mechanism against diabetic retinopathy in myopia.