When the bioactivities of the new molecules are investigated, not only would mother liquor reveal a broad spectrum of bioactivities beyond prebiotic activity, but also would lead to the production of valueadded oligosaccharides ingredients and add value to the waste streams of whey and Isoacteoside lactose manufacture. Among the variety of substances which are used to induce protein crystallization, polyethylene glycol is one of the most widely used and necessary ingredients for protein crystallization. A rough estimate shows that PEG has been used for more than 70% of all successfully crystallized proteins. A frequently given qualitative explanation for PEG induced protein crystallization is that it has less of an effect on the electrostatic repulsion of protein chains because it is a neutral surfactant so that its addition only affects osmotic pressure and generates an a ractive depletion force among protein chains. Finally, we realized that there exists some special interaction between NalD and PEG. Previously, Onuma et al. found that TAA protein chains also interact with PEG and speculated that the interaction led to the formation of a network-like structure because of the possible entanglement 
of PEG chains in the solution mixture. However, such a speculation cannot explain a smaller size of NalD in the presence of PEG. Namely, NalD migration in Albaspidin-AA SDS-PAGE speeded up even with the addition of a small amount of PEG3350 wherein there was no entanglement of PEG chains. On the other hand, if the PEG chains entangled with each other, the NalD migration in SDS-PAGE would be slower rather than faster. To understand this abnormal phenomenon, dynamic laser light sca ering, size exclusion chromatography, and analytic ultracentrifuge to reveal why adding PEG into the solution mixture makes NalD migrate faster in SDS-PAGE. In this study, 47% of the patients who underwent LDLT developed delirium in the ICU. The incidence of delirium in our patients was higher than that reported in patients in the ICU after OLT. The incidence of delirium, therefore, appears to increase with the complexity of surgical procedures and severity of disease. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the risk factors for developing delirium in the ICU after LDLT. In our transplant center, the incidence of alcoholic liver disease among patients who underwent LDLT was more than two-fold higher than that among patients who underwent OLT. In addition, the incidence of preoperative hepatic encephalopathy in our study was also higher than that reported in patients who underwent liver transplantation. These factors might have contributed to the high incidence of delirium in our study. Previous studies have shown that post-surgical delirium can result in increased postoperative morbidity and prolonged ICU and hospital stay. In this study, we found that patients who developed delirium after LDLT spent an average of five more days in the ICU and 10 more days in the hospital than patients who did not show symptoms or signs of delirium. History of alcohol abuse is a well-known risk factor for postoperative delirium. In this study, approximately 42% of all patients had a history of alcohol abuse.